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Constitution of Malaysia - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 3 Words: 875 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2017/09/20 Category Business Essay Type Argumentative essay Did you like this example? CONSTITUTION OF MALAYSIA DEFINITIONS †¢ K. Ramanathan: prinsip-prinsip asas yang mengasaskan sesebuah negara, memastikan bagaimanakah sesuatu keputusan kerajaan itu akan dibuat, bagaimana kuasa akan diagih-agihkan antara institusi-institusi kerajaan, menetapkan satu kewibawaan ideal sesebuah negara itu dan memperkenalkan satu sistem pemerintahan seperti termaktub sama ada dalam undangundang, adat mahupun Majlis Piagam Perjanjian†. Malaysian Constitution consists of 3 list †¢ a. Federal List †¢ b. State List †¢ c. Federal and State List M ai n p r o vi s i o n i n t h e con st i t u t i o n L an g u ag e R el i g i o n ci t i z en sh i p sp eci a l p r i v i l e d g es p er s on al l i b er t i e s Malay Language †¢ In the Malaysian Constitution the provision for the Malay Language as the national language is recorded under Article 152, Section XII which underlines that: 2. The national language decided upon is the Malay Language. 3. Nobody wi ll be prohibited or hindered from using, teaching or learning another language. 4. The government has the right to maintain the use and learning of the language of any other community in the Federation. The Special Position of the Malays †¢ The Malaysian Constitution has a special provision under Article 153 that protects the special rights of the Malays and the Bumiputras of Sabah and Sarawak. The provision involves the special reservation for Malays and Bumiputras of quotas for; 2. Scholarships 3. Posts in the public service 4. Business and 5. Industrial licenses Religion †¢ Religion is provided for in Part 1, Chapter 3 of the Malaysian Constitution. The Constitution clarifies that; 2. Islam is the official religion of the federation, but other religions are allowed to be practised in peace and harmony in any part of the Federation. Article 1) 3. In states that have a ruler or sultan as head of state, the sultan or ruler is the head of Islam in the state concerned (Ar ticle 2). 4. For states without a sultan or ruler (Sabah, Sarawak, Malacca and Penang Island) and the Federal Territories (Kuala Lumpur, Labuan, Putrajaya) the head of Islam is the Yang Dipertuan Agong. (Article 3). Personal Liberty †¢ Citizenship is a special status held by the people who have the right to be in a country. This status gives rights, benefits and certain facilities. Some of the special rights a citizen obtains are: 2. The right to vote in an election 3. The right to take an active part in politics including contesting for an election seat. 4. The right to fill a post that is exclusively for citizens only. 5. Free to own landed property and to be considered for special terms relating to property development. 6. The right to receive a number of benefits and facilities in the country including, welfare benefits, education and so on. 7. Freedom of movement throughout the country. 8. The right not to be exiled Citizenship (ways of acquiring citizenship) A perso n can obtain citizenship status in Malaysia based on: †¢ Operation by law †¢ Registration †¢ Jus Sainguinis †¢ Naturalisation Operation by law †¢ The mother or father is a citizen at the time of his birth. †¢ At the same of his birth, the mother or the father has been residing in the country or †¢ At the time of his birth he was not a citizen of any country. Registration †¢ If the husband is a citizen in October 1962 or prior to that, and the marriage is still binding or †¢ The foreign women has lived in the Federation for two years before the application is made, has the intention to continue living in the Federation and is off good conduct. Jus Sanguinis †¢ His own father was born in Malaysia or †¢ His father holds a post in the Public Service at the Federal or State level or †¢ His birth was registered at the office of a Malaysian Consulate or with the Malaysian government within one year after his birth. Naturalizati on †¢ Aged 21 and above, and †¢ Have lived in the Federation for at least 10 out of 12 years from and up to the date of application, and †¢ Have the intention to live permanently in the country, and †¢ Of good conduct, and †¢ Have sufficient knowledge of the Malay language Loss of Citizenship Status †¢ He has become the citizen of another country. He is enjoying all the rights and facilities in another country †¢ A women becomes the citizen of a foreign country through marriage with a man from the country concerned. †¢ Acts negatively showing he is no longer loyal to Malaysia. †¢ Has business or ties with a hostile country. GROUP DISCUSSION †¢ Some are of the opinion that the constitution need not be amended because it is a document that is serious and has been carefully thought out during its drafting. What do you think? Give reasons for your views. †¢ What do you understand by the concept â€Å"Supremacy of the Constitutionâ € ? Explain the supreme features of the Malaysian Constitution. †¢ What do you mean personal liberty? Refer to the Constitution of the Federation of Malaysia and the practice of Parliamentary democracy in Malaysia, discuss the allowances and the limits of the freedom under discussion. References †¢ †¢ Hasnah Hussiin, Mardiana Nordin (ed), Pengajian Malaysia, Fajar Bakti Sdn. Bhd. , Kuala Lumpur, 2000. Tun Mohamed Suffian Bin Hashim, Mengenal Perlembagaan Malaysia, Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka, Kuala Lumpur, 1987. Perlembagaan Malaysia. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Constitution of Malaysia" essay for you Create order

Democracy and Majoritarianism - 955 Words

Democracy and how the government is run are behind theories. Majoritarianism is a theory of what both political scientist and ordinary citizens think the democracy should be. Unfortunately this is known as a poor way to find out data for elections through pulling data from Americans that may not be interested in politics or are unaware of the system. â€Å"Elite theory holds that society is ruled by small number of people who exercise power to further their own self-interest† (Schmidt, Shelley, Bardes, 2011). Elite theory is known as the American system. People prefer to have their country ran by elite people verse privileged minorities. The politics in pluralism can become a struggle for some and conflicts may be accommodated through†¦show more content†¦I feel that statement is not true. I feel that the elite theory best describes our American system. Our leaders have been recruited from the top at all aspects of our society and in our government. Not only through mass media, elections, debates, and theories, our leaders have been voted upon to lead us through what in hopes the majority of our nation wants. Our elite people such as our president, high ranking military officers, and key cabinet members prides themselves on democracy and always react in their best interest to support their key ideas and what they believe is what needs to be done effectively and efficiently in our system of government at the time. I am one person that I have to say that I am not educated on our political system. I am part of the statistics that I do not know who my running leader for congress, school systems, and other offices. It is unfortunate that I have not had an interest in politics. As I have aged I realize that it is important for me to understand how our government and political systems work as it impacts me and now my kids as well. I can honestly say that I have only voted one time for our president and that was around 10+ years ago and just recently I voted for some community chairs who I did not know anything about. I definitely can say that the people I surround myself with have impacted me on my choices when it comes to voting. I need to be more awareShow MoreRelatedElectoral Rules Functions : The Development And Maintenance Of Democracy1675 Words   |  7 PagesMajoritarian electoral rules function as the pragmatist’s approach to democracy by attempting to deliver tangible results while proportional representation aims to deliver the symbolic values of democracy such as equality and fairness. 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Congestive Heart Failure Case Study for Cardiology- myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theCongestive Heart Failure Case Study for Cardiology. Answer: Congestive heart failure can be defined as the situation when the heart cannot pup enough amount of blood in order to meet the metabolic needs of the body. Heart failures can be characterized as a chronic condition with acute exacerbations as well as with periods of abrupt worsening of the different symptoms. There are different causes of congestive heart disorders out of which coronary arterial disease is one of them (Smith et al. 2018). This disorder mainly results in the development of fatty deposits also known as plaques in the arterial walls. Blood cannot flow easily through the arteries and often results in cardiac ischemia. If this ischemia lasts for long, it may lead to the death of the heart muscles resulting in severe chest pain. High blood pressure may also result in heart muscles to work harder and this extra exertion of pressure for the muscles to work makes them stiff. They thereby become weak and cannot pump efficiently. Abnormal heart beat may also be a cause of conge stive heart failure as such heart rhythms may make the heart beat too fast casing the heart to work extra. Slow beating also leads in failure of the heart. Cardiomyopathy is the damage of the heart muscles that may take place from the excessive use of substances by patients (Chester et al., 2018). It may also lead to congestive heart failure. In other cases, virus also become responsible for the causing inflammation of the heart resulting in left sided heart failure. Some of the risk factors that remain associated with congestive heart disorders are the high blood pressure as well as coronary heart diseases. Besides, heart attack as well as diabetes may also act as risk factors for the disorders. Some diabetes medications also expose the individuals to the different forms of congestive heart failures. Viruses, tobacco and alcohol use, congenital heart disorders, sleep apnoea and many others all lead to the occurrence of the diseases. The congestive heart failure mainly has a very ne gative impact on the patient as well as the family. The patient has to lead a restricted life where he or she may not conduct all activities that he or she could do when they were well. Moreover, they also have to be very careful so that they do not go through similar symptoms that might be harmful for them and threaten their life. Such life may make them depressed and anxious and they feel frustrated about their life (Mehla et al., 2018). The caregivers or family members also undergo depression when they see their dear one suffering like this. They also go through financial turmoil due to flow of money on the healthcare and through physical turmoil, as they have to take care of the patients and keep them safe form danger. The first symptom that remains associated with congestive heart failure is the congested lungs as well as shortness of breath. This is also noted in the patient who was admitted in the emergency ward. Researchers are of the opinion that when fluid is accumulated in the lungs, it can result in the shortness of the breath. Lung congestion is also responsible for developing a dry, hacking cough as well as wheezing. The second symptoms that remain associated with the disorder is the occurrence of dizziness, weakness as well as fatigue. Such symptoms were also noted in the patient who was admitted. Improper blood flow from the heart had resulted in less blood entry to the major organs as well as in the muscles (White et al., 2018). These resulted in the feeling of tiredness and weakness. Researchers are of the opinion that as blood that flows to the brain in this condition is quite less, therefore, the patient also feels dizzy. Another symptom that was observed in the patient and is a com mon sign for all patients with congestive heart failure is the edema or swollen features in the body. Researchers are of the opinion that congestive heart failures cause less blood flow to kidneys (Morisawa et al., 2018). These result in the retention of the amount of water and fluid in the body that result in swollen ankles, abdomen causing, legs and weight gain. The patient also had swollen body parts in the case study. Another important symptom is the rapid irregular heartbeats. In order to make blood reach to all parts of the body, the heart tries to beat faster and this causes rapid as well as irregular heartbeats. Another important symptom that is also noticed in patients is the loss of appetite and feeling of nausea. This is mainly because the fluid is accumulated in the areas surrounding the digestive tract that causes different issues where the patients feel loss of appetite as well as nausea (Qian et al., 2016). ACE inhibitors (angiotensin converting enzyme) help in treatment of congestive heart disorders by mainly blocking the action of hormones that causes such disorders. The main function of the drug is seen to be helping the heart to pump well by opening the vessels of the blood and thereby reducing the blood pressure. Such inhibitors are seen to block the action of the protein that causes the blood vessels to get narrow (Shojiet al., 2018). With the help of this class of drug, the professionals can help the patients to relieve them of their heart failure symptoms such as build and swelling and help them to live better. Some of the medicines that can be seen are quinapril, ramipril, preindropil, altace, benazpril, lisisnpril and many others. Another class of drug which are also used in the beta blockers. There are certain epinephrines, norepinephrines as well as other similar hormones that are seen to act on the beta-receptors of the body tissues that thereby produce a harmful stimulativ e effect on the body (Ruppar et al., 2016). These hormones mainly provide pressure on the beta-receptors of the heart that result in more forceful contraction of the heart muscle. Therefore, in such situations, beta blockers are fond to be highly helpful as they cause the blockage of the actions of these stimulating hormones on the beta receptors of the tissues of the bodies. Some of the beta blockers which are used extensively is the acebutolol (Sectral), bisoprolol(Zebeta), nadolol(Corgard),timolol(Blocadren), atenolol(Tenormin), metoprolol(Lopressor,LopressorLA,ToprolXL), and many others. Once the patient is brought to the emergency department, it becomes important for the healthcare professionals to evaluate critical step for determining the severity of the cardiopulmonary instability. The nurse should undertake objective measurement of the dyspnoea severity including the monitoring of the respiratory rate, intolerance of the supine position, degree of hypoxia and effort of breathing. It would also involve checking heart rhythm and heart rate. Different laboratory tests should be done which include ecg, chest xray and many others. Bnp test should also be conducted (Vedel Khanassov, 2015). The nursing interventions should mainly include triaging to appropriate environment for providing safe clinical care to the patient. The nurse should also conduct objective monitoring that would include change in signs and symptoms to state whether the patient is responding to treatments. This would be followed by proper discharge planning or transfer of the patient to multidiscipl inary department for further treatment. Here, although oxygen therapy is important for patients but researchers say that it is best when the value of SpO2 90%. In case of the patient, it is about 92percent and hence oxygen therapy is not that important. However, noninvasive ventilation is found to be extremely important for the patients with respiratory distress. It decreases respiratory distress and helps in reduction of the rate of mechanical endotracheal intubation. Intravenous diuretics as well as vasodilators need to be administered. 20 to 40 mg intravenous furosemide can be provided to patient in such conditions. Intravenous vasodilator therapy can be also provided to the patients who blood pressure is normal to high. Sublingual nitrates can also be considered (Unverzagt et al., 2016). Evidence based, diseases modifying oral therapies can be provided to the patients in such conditions like the beta blockers, ACE, MRA, diuretics, nitrates and others. This should be then followe d by proper reassessment of the patient by the nurses. The patient should be checked in every proper ways by which the stability of the patient should be ensured. The nurses should continue to monitor the heart condition of the patient from time to time in order to entertain that the patient condition is gradually becoming stable (Shah et al., 2018). The total monitoring would be contributed for about 24 hours until the damage of the heart is stopped and the patient is out of danger. Following the condition of the patient for about 24 hours, the emergency nurse would conduct meeting with the other specialists and then transfer the patient to the general ward where she should be then treated by the multidisciplinary team. The nurses should properly document all the information so that the ongoing care of the patient is not disrupted and care provided is of high quality (Jonkman et al., 2016). References: Chester, R., Horwich, T., Srikanthan, P., Gornbein, J., Hundley, G., Watson, K. (2018). Reflection Magnitude, A Measure Of Arterial Stiffness, Predicts Incident Congestive Congestive Heart Failure In Men But Not Women: Multi-Ethnic Study Of Atherosclerosis (MESA).Journal of the American College of Cardiology,67(13 Supplement), 1314. Jonkman, N. H., Westland, H., Groenwold, R. H., gren, S., Anguita, M., Blue, L., ... Kempen, G. I. (2016). What are effective program characteristics of self-management interventions in patients with heart failure? An individual patient data meta-analysis.Journal of cardiac failure,22(11), 861-871. Mehla, P., Galin, I., Baksh, S., Bailey, S., Passik, C., Jarrett, R. (2018). Spontaneous fistulization of caseous mitral annular calcification: case of recurrent congestive heart failure.Journal of the American College of Cardiology,67(13 Supplement), 1122. Morisawa, D., Hirotani, S., Sugahara, M., Fukui, M., Nakabo, A., Naito, Y., Masuyama, T. (2018). Hemodynamic Response Of Sildenafil Depends On Left Ventricular Chamber Stiffness In Patients With Decompensated Congestive Heart Failure.Journal of the American College of Cardiology,63(12 Supplement), A931. Qian, G., Fu, Z., Guo, J., Cao, F., Chen, Y. (2016). Prevention of contrast-induced nephropathy by central venous pressureguided fluid administration in chronic kidney disease and congestive heart failure patients.JACC: Cardiovascular Interventions,9(1), 89-96. Ruppar, T. M., Cooper, P. S., Mehr, D. R., Delgado, J. M., Dunbar?Jacob, J. M. (2016). Medication adherence interventions improve heart failure mortality and readmission rates: systematic review and meta?analysis of controlled trials.Journal of the American Heart Association,5(6), e002606. Shah, K., Parekh, N., Clopton, P., Anand, I., Christenson, R., Daniels, L., ... Neath, S. X. (2018). Improved survival in patients with diastolic heart failure discharged on beta-blocker and ace inhibitors.Journal of the American College of Cardiology,61(10 Supplement), E634. Shoji, S., Kanazawa, H., Yanagisawa, R., Tanaka, M., Fukuoka, R., Akita, K., ... Yuasa, S. (2018). Percutaneous Occlusion of Patent Ductus Arteriosus for an Elderly Patient With Refractory Congestive Heart Failure.Circulation: Heart Failure,11(2), e004764. Smith, G., Shore, S., Mitchell, A., Moore, M., Morris, A., Speight, C., Dickert, N. (2018). Discussing Out-Of-Pocket Costs With Patients: Shared Decision-Making For Sacubutril-Valsartan In Congestive Heart Failure.Journal of the American College of Cardiology,71(11 Supplement), A2626. Unverzagt, S., Meyer, G., Mittmann, S., Samos, F. A., Unverzagt, M., Prondzinsky, R. (2016). Improving treatment adherence in heart failure: A systematic review and meta-analysis of pharmacological and lifestyle interventions.Deutsches rzteblatt International,113(25), 423. Vedel, I., Khanassov, V. (2015). Transitional care for patients with congestive heart failure: a systematic review and meta-analysis.The Annals of Family Medicine,13(6), 562-571. White, M., Tremblay-Gravel, M., Khairy, P., Roy, D., Leduc, H., Wyse, D. G., ... Andrade, J. (2018). Blood Pressure Levels Modulate Mortality In Patients With Atrial Fibrillation And Heart Failure With Depressed But Not In Patients With Preserved Ejection Fraction.Journal of the American College of Cardiology,61(10 Supplement), E734.